Introduction to Organizational Behavior

Chapter Summary

Communication, in general, may be defined as the process by which information is exchanged between individuals using written messages, spoken words, or gestures. It is a dynamic, interpersonal process in which an individual modifies his response on the basis of the behavior of the recipient of the message. Henri Fayol and Chester Barnard have contributed greatly to the field of communication. The more recently proposed managerial communication model is based on the modern research findings on communication.

Managers need timely and appropriate information to make sound decisions. Therefore, communication is essential for the effective functioning of organizations. In the two-way communication process, a sender or speaker transmits a message to a receiver through a proper medium and gets feedback from him. Downward communication is the primary means of organizational communication and is directive in nature. Upward communication is less frequent and non-directive in nature. Lateral communication or cross-communication involves communication across the chain of command. Interactive communication helps employees coordinate their work to achieve overall organizational objectives.

Communication need not always involve the exchange of words. Nonverbal communication refers to the use of nonword human responses like facial expressions and gestures and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which the human verbal and nonverbal messages are transmitted.

There may be a number of interruptions in the communication process that act as barriers to communication. These barriers may totally prevent communication, filter a part of it, or convey the wrong meaning. Filtering, selective perception, defensiveness and linguistic differences are some of the barriers to effective communication.

A network refers to a group of people who develop and maintain contact with others to exchange information of common interest in an informal manner. The grapevine is an informal network in which information moves freely in all directions, goes beyond the chain of authority and satisfies the social needs of organizational members.

Information technology has, to a great extent, revolutionized the communication process in organizations. A computerized MIS facilitates faster and efficient communication in organizations. Electronic mail is a computer-based communication system which allows messages to be exchanged instantly. Telecommuting involves the accomplishment of all or part of a person's work at home through computer links to the office. Though telecommuting benefits employees, organizations and society in many ways, it can lead to the social isolation of employees working from home.

Next Chapter »